Only Humans Can Be Recognized as Authors Under Copyright Law
By Enrique Cheang, E.C.V. & Asociados

Copyright law is fundamentally designed to recognize and protect the creativity and intellectual effort of natural persons. This means that only human beings can be legally recognized as authors of a work. Machines, software, and artificial intelligence systems are excluded from this legal figure, regardless of their ability to generate content.
The rationale behind this limitation lies in the nature of authorship itself. Creativity, intention, and the capacity for artistic or intellectual expression are inherently human traits. Copyright protection exists to safeguard these uniquely human contributions, ensuring that individuals receive acknowledgment and control over their original works.
As a result, works generated entirely by machines or AI cannot be attributed authorship under current legal frameworks. Intellectual property rights remain exclusive to human creators, reflecting the principle that authorship is not merely about producing output, but about the human thought, creativity, and expression behind it.